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It comes equipped with a scope which makes Ana's shots hitscan at the sacrifice of vision of her surroundings and movement speed. Ana's rifle is unique in that it deals its damage and heals in rapid segments, rather than all at once. Even though it deals 4 rapid segments of damage within 1 shot, the damage over time effect is not mitigated.
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Jan 11, 2020 Widow just killed our whole team and there's nothing we can do about it - Aimbottz Gameplay - Duration: 14:20. Aimbottz 34,017 views. When you scope in, your power% starts charging instantly. After the first shot, there is a slight delay to when it starts charging up again. The unscope/rescope after each shot is to decrease the delay between 100% power shots.
The processor has two interrupt inputs, for normal interrupts(nIRQ) and fast interrupts (nFIQ). Each interrupt pin, when assertedand not masked, causes the processor to take the appropriate typeof interrupt exception. See Exceptions for more information. The CPSR.F and CPSR.Ibits control masking of fast and normal interrupts respectively.
A number of features exist to improve the interrupt latency,that is, the time taken between the assertion of the interrupt inputand the execution of the interrupt handler. By default, the processoruses the Low Interrupt Latency (LIL) behaviorsintroduced in version 6 and later of the ARM architecture. The processoralso has a port for connection of a Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC),and supports Non-Maskable Fast Interrupts (NMFI).
The following subsections describe interrupts:
Interrupt controller.
The IRQ exception is a normal interrupt caused by a LOW levelon the nIRQ input. An IRQ hasa lower priority than an FIQ, and is masked on entry to an FIQ sequence.You must ensure that the nIRQ inputis held LOW until the processor acknowledges the interrupt request,either from the VIC interface or the software handler.
Irrespective of whether the exception is taken from ARM stateor Thumb state, an IRQ handler returns from the interrupt by executing:
You can disable IRQ exceptions within a Privileged mode bysetting the CPSR.I bit to b1. See Program status registers. IRQ interrupts are automatically disabledwhen an IRQ occurs, by setting the CPSR.I bit. You can use nestedinterrupts but it is up to you to save any corruptible registersand to re-enable IRQs by clearing the CPSR.I bit.
The Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ) reducesthe execution time of the exception handler relative to a normalinterrupt. FIQ mode has eight private registers to reduce, or evenremove the requirement for register saving (minimizing the overheadof context switching).
An FIQ is externally generated by taking the nFIQ input signal LOW. You must ensurethat the nFIQ input is held LOWuntil the processor acknowledges the interrupt request from the softwarehandler.
Irrespective of whether exception entry is from ARM stateor Thumb state, an FIQ handler returns from the interrupt by executing:
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If Non-Maskable Fast Interrupts (NMFIs)are not enabled, you can mask FIQ exceptions by setting the CPSR.Fbit to b1. For more information see:
Non-maskable fast interrupts.
FIQ and IRQ interrupts are automatically masked by settingthe CPSR.F and CPSR.I bits when an FIQ occurs. You can use nestedinterrupts but it is up to you to save any corruptible registers andto re-enable interrupts.
When NMFI behavior is enabled, FIQ interrupts cannot be maskedby software. Enabling NMFI behavior ensures that when the FIQ mask,that is, the CPSR.F bit, is cleared by the reset handler, fast interruptsare always taken as quickly as possible, except during handlingof a fast interrupt. This makes the fast interrupt suitable forsignaling critical events. NMFI behavior is controlled by a configurationinput signal CFGNMFI, that isasserted HIGH to enable NMFI operation. There is no software controlof NMFI.
Software can detect whether NMFI operation is enabled by readingthe NMFI bit of the SCTLR:
Softwarecan mask FIQs by setting the CPSR.F bit to b1.
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For more information see c1, System ControlRegister.
When the NMFI bit in the SCTLR is b1:
an instructionwriting b0 to the CPSR.F bit clears it to b0
an instruction writing b1 to the CPSR.F bit leavesit unchanged
the CPSR.F bit can be set to b1 only by an FIQ orreset exception entry.
Low Interrupt Latency (LIL) is a setof behaviors that reduce the interrupt latency for the processor,and is enabled by default. That is, the FI bit [21] in the SCTLRis Read-as-One.
LIL behavior enables accesses to Normal memory, includingmultiword accesses and external accesses, to be abandoned part-waythrough execution so that the processor can react to a pending interruptfaster than would otherwise be the case. When an instruction isabandoned in this way, the processor behaves as if the instructionwas not executed at all. If, after handling the interrupt, the interrupthandler returns to the program in the normal way using instruction SUBS pc,r14, #4, the abandoned instruction is re-executed. Thismeans that some of the memory accesses generated by the instructionare performed twice.
Memory that is marked as Strongly-ordered or Device type istypically sensitive to the number of reads or writes performed.Because of this, instructions that access Strongly-ordered or Devicememory are never abandoned when they have started accessing memory.These instructions always complete either all or none of their memoryaccesses. Therefore, to minimize the interrupt latency, you mustavoid the use of multiword load/store instructions to memory locationsthat are marked as Strongly-ordered or Device.
The processor includes a VIC port for connection of a VectoredInterrupt Controller (VIC). An interrupt controller isa peripheral that handles multiple interrupt sources. Features usually foundin an interrupt controller are:
multiple interrupt request inputs,one for each interrupt source, and one or more amalgamated interruptrequest outputs to the processor
the ability to mask out particular interrupt requests
prioritization of interrupt sources for interruptnesting.
In a system with an interrupt controller with these features,software is still required to:
determine fromthe interrupt controller which interrupt source is requesting service
determine where the service routine for that interruptsource is loaded
mask or clear that interrupt source, before re-enablingprocessor interrupts to permit another interrupt to be taken.
A VIC does all these in hardware to reduce the interrupt latency.It supplies the starting address of the service routine correspondingto the highest priority asserted interrupt source directly to theprocessor. When the processor has accepted this address, it masksthe interrupt so that the processor can re-enable interrupts withoutclearing the source. The PL192 VIC is an AMBA compliant, SoC peripheralthat is developed, tested, and licensed by ARM.
You can use the VIC port to connect a PL192 VIC to the processor.See the ARM PrimeCell Vectored Interrupt Controller (PL192)Technical Reference Manual for more information about thePL192 VIC. You can enable the VIC port by setting the VE bit inthe SCTLR. When the VIC port is enabled and an IRQ occurs, the processorperforms an handshake over the VIC interface to obtain the addressof the handling routine for the IRQ.
Figure 3.5 isa flowchart for processor interrupt recognition. It shows all the necessarydecisions and actions for complete interrupt entry.
Figure 3.5. Interrupt entry sequence
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For information on the I and F bits that Figure 3.5 shows, see Program status registers. For informationon the V and VE bits that Figure 3.5 shows, see c1, System ControlRegister.
We have looked at the basics of AVR Interrupts, now let us go ahead and use the External Interrupts feature on the AVR MCUs.
When an interrupt occurs, the current program execution is stopped, the context is saved and the control jumps to Interrupt Service Routine (the ISR). When the ISR is executed, the main program execution is continued. This is usually the case with most simple Micro-controllers. We have been working with Atmega32 for this series, however there shouldn't be much difference making it work with other AVR MCUs. Now, let us look at how to configure the External Interrupts in AVR.
Steps to configure the Interrupts:
- Set INT1 and INT0 bits in the General Interrupt Control Register (GICR)
- Configure MCU Control Register (MCUCR) to select interrupt type.
- Set Global Interrupt(I-bit) Enable bit in the AVR Status Register(SREG)
- Handle the interrupt in the Interrupt Service Routine code.
INT1 and INT0 enable the two interrupts. MCUCR helps in configuring the type of interrupt, level, edge triggered etc. The I-bit in SREG is the master control for all interrupts in AVR micro-controller. Observe the sequence it is turned on after all the interrupts are configured. This prevents, any interrupt to occur before rest of them are configured.
General Interrupt Control Register (GICR)
The GICR Register shown below is used to enable INT0 and INT1 interrupts. These interrupts correspond to the two physical pins PD3 and PD4 respectively. The INT0 is configured to produce low level triggered and INT1 as falling edge triggered interrupt respectively. A counter is increment and displayed when the interrupt occurs.
| 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INT1 | INT0 | INT2 | - | - | - | IVSEL | IVCE |
MCU Control Register (MCUCR)
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The MCUCR register allows us to configure the type of interrupt we need as shown by the table below:
| 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE | SM2 | SM1 | SM0 | ISC11 | ISC10 | ISC01 | ISC00 |
| ISC01 | ISC00 | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | The low level of INT0 generates an interrupt request. |
| 0 | 1 | Any logical change on INT0 generates an interrupt request. |
| 1 | 0 | The falling edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request. |
| 1 | 1 | The rising edge of INT0 generates an interrupt request. |
General Interrupt Flag Register(GIFR)
The bits of GIFR register are set when an interrupt occurs and cleared automatically when it is processed.
| 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INTF1 | INTF0 | INTF2 | - | - | - | - | - |
We will connect two switches to the two interrupt pins and show the status on a LCD. The connections are shown in the image below.
The Ultra AVR development board has two switches and also an inbuilt LCD. It is hooked up as shown below:
Let us look at the code in a little detail here.
Line 2, includes the interrupt.h file, which includes all the interrupt definations.
The volatile keyword for cnt_zero and cnt_one variables ensures that these variables are not optimized by the compiler and also tells the compiler that these can change at anytime during the execution. Well, remember the switch can be pressed any time by the user, and volatile tells the compiler not to be over-smart and optimize it because it is no where used in the main code.
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Now look at the ISR() function, it is template that is included with the avr-gcc compiler. All the interrupts that we saw in the basics tutorial can be configured as input to this function. The library take cares of saving the context, and switching back to main code when the ISR is complete. This is the cool thing about programming micro-controllers in C.
There are a few details which I have left out, like the names of the files which define the names of the interrupts and map them to the Interrupt vector Table (IVT). Should you have questions about any of these, comment below!
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For those of you, who would like to watch instead of read we have made a video with all the gyan.
Download the complete project folder from the below link: https://github.com/ExploreEmbedded/ATmega32_ExploreUltraAvrDevKit/archive/master.zip